Publication Ethics

Radian Journal: Research and Review in Mathematics Education is committed to upholding the highest standards of publication ethics and takes all possible measures against publication malpractices. This statement clarifies the ethical behavior of all parties involved in the act of publishing an article in this journal, including the author, the editor-in-chief, the editorial board, the peer reviewer, and the publisher. This statement is based on COPE’s Core Practices and ICMJE guidelines.

1. Authorship Criteria and Contributorship Authorship should be limited to those who have made a significant contribution to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study. Radian Journal adheres to the four ICMJE criteria for authorship:

• Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data.

• Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content.

• Final approval of the version to be published.

• Agreement to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

All persons who meet these criteria must be listed as authors. Any individual who participated in certain substantive aspects of the research (e.g., language editing, technical help, or general supervision) should be recognized in the Acknowledgments section. Ghost, guest, or gift authorship is strictly prohibited. The corresponding author ensures that all co-authors have approved the final manuscript and submitted it for publication.

2. Originality and Plagiarism Policy Authors must ensure that they have written entirely original works. If authors have used the work and/or words of others, this must be appropriately cited or quoted. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal concurrently constitutes unethical publishing behavior and is unacceptable. Radian Journal screens all submitted manuscripts using plagiarism detection tools (such as Turnitin). Manuscripts with a similarity index exceeding the journal's threshold (maximum 20%) will be rejected or returned to the author for revision.

3. Allegations of Research Misconduct Research misconduct includes data fabrication, data falsification, citation manipulation, and plagiarism. In cases of alleged or suspected misconduct, the Editorial Board will follow the COPE flowcharts and guidelines. If evidence of misconduct is found, the journal reserves the right to reject the submission, ban authors from future submissions, or contact the authors' institutions.

4. Conflict of Interest / Competing Interests All authors must disclose any financial or personal relationships that could inappropriately influence or bias their work. Examples of potential conflicts of interest include employment, consultancies, stock ownership, honoraria, and paid expert testimony. Editors and reviewers must recuse themselves from considering manuscripts in which they have conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other connections with any of the authors or companies associated with the paper.

5. Post-Publication Discussions and Corrections Radian Journal welcomes debate and post-publication discussions. Readers may submit letters or critiques regarding published articles. If substantiated errors or critique are accepted, the original authors will be invited to respond.

6. Errata, Corrigenda, and Retractions When genuine errors in published work are pointed out by readers or authors:

• Minor errors that do not affect the scientific validity of the findings will result in an Errata (publisher error) or Corrigenda (author error) linked to the original article.

• Substantial errors, data invalidation, pervasive plagiarism, or fraudulent data will lead to a formal Retraction following COPE Retraction Guidelines. Retracted articles will remain accessible with a clear watermark indicating retraction.

7. Duties of Editors

• Publication Decisions: Editors evaluate manuscripts without regard to race, gender, sexual orientation, religious belief, ethnic origin, or political philosophy of the authors.

• Confidentiality: Editors and editorial staff must not disclose any information about a submitted manuscript to anyone other than the corresponding author, reviewers, and publisher.

8. Duties of Reviewers

• Contribution to Editorial Decisions: Peer review assists the editor in making editorial decisions and may assist the author in improving the paper.

• Confidentiality & Objectivity: Any manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. Reviews must be conducted objectively with supporting arguments.